High muscle tone - care; Increased muscle tension - care; Upper motor neuron syndrome - care; Muscle stiffness - care

Muscle spasticity, or spasms, causes your muscles to become stiff or rigid. It can also cause exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, like a knee-jerk reaction when your reflexes are checked.

These things may make your spasticity worse:

• Being too hot or too cold
• The time of day
• Stress
• Tight clothing
• Bladder infections and spasms
• Your menstrual cycle (for women)
• Certain body positions
• New skin wounds or ulcers
• Hemorrhoids
• Being very tired or not getting enough sleep

Your physical therapist can teach you and your caregiver stretching exercises you can do. These stretches will help keep your muscles from getting shorter or tighter.

Being active will also help keep your muscles loose. Aerobic exercise, especially swimming, and strength-building exercises are both helpful. Playing games and sports and doing daily tasks may also help. Talk with your doctor or physical therapist first before starting any exercise program.

Your doctor or nurse may place splints or casts on some of your joints to keep them from becoming so tight that you cannot move them easily. Make sure to wear these as your doctor or nurse tells you to.

Be careful about getting pressure sores from exercise or being in the same position in a bed or wheelchair for too long.

See also: Preventing pressure sores

Muscle spasticity can increase your chances of falling and hurting yourself. Be sure to take precautions so that you do not fall.

Your doctor may prescribe drugs for you to take to help with muscle spasticity. Some common ones are:

• Baclofen (Lioresal)
• Valium
• Zanaflex (Tizanidine)
• Dantrolene

These medicines have side effects. Call your doctor if you have these side effects and they make it hard for you to keep taking your medicine:

• Being tired during the day
• Feeling "hung over" in the morning
• Nausea
• Problems passing urine
• Problems thinking straight

Do NOT just stop taking these drugs, especially zanaflex. It can be dangerous if you stop taking your medicine all at once.

Pay attention to changes in your muscle spasticity. Changes may mean that your other medical problems are getting worse.

Always call your doctor or nurse if you:

• Have problems with the drugs you are taking for muscle spasms.
• Cannot move your joints as much. This is called joint contracture.
• Have a harder time moving around or transferring out of your bed or chair.
• Have skin sores or skin redness.
• Your pain is getting worse.

Lee Y-T, Brennan P. Cerebral palsy. In: Frontera, WR, Silver JK, eds. Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap 114.